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  4. 第11章 儒道之分内藏乾坤（第1页）
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第11章 儒道之分内藏乾坤（第1页）

章节目录保存书签

这种定位上的差异，如果用《易经》的卦象来作比，《道德经》是自强不息的乾卦，而《论语》则是厚德载物的坤卦。我们尝试着用乾卦和坤卦的爻辞去解读《论语》和《道德经》，此前的疑问便可迎刃而解。通行本的《道德经》，开篇便是着名的“道可道，非常道，名可名，非常名。”自谓“天地之始、万物之母”。《道德经》的主语多是道、圣人、大方、大器、大音、大象和百谷王等名词，指代的只能是至高无上的统治者，不可能是人臣，更不可能是黎民百姓。所以，《道德经》所谓的善下之、微、小、柔、弱等等，不是真的让人自甘“微小柔弱”，卑微地居于下位，而是要求百谷王、人君、圣人等上位者学会主动放低姿态，和光同尘，上善若水，不与民争利。否则会出现什么情况呢？《易经·乾卦》回答说：亢龙有悔。龙如果过度亢奋，骄傲自满，一旦飞到极高的地方，四顾无援，一定会后悔。比如夏桀和商纣，比如秦二世胡亥和隋炀帝杨广。杨广称帝后奢侈无度，为了满足骄奢淫佚的生活而在各地大修宫殿别馆。他劳民伤财，每月役使两百万民工营建东都洛阳，日夜不休，半数民工因劳累而死，史载施工现场装运尸体的车辆往来不绝。他穷兵黩武，频繁发动战争，尤其是三征高句丽劳民伤财，导致国家经济萧条，给百姓带来无尽灾难。结果百姓苦役，天下思乱，终于引发大规模农民起义，导致隋朝灭亡。这就是亢龙有悔。《道德经》没有说错，上位者要谦和，要平易近人，这是好的品德。普天之下莫非王土，率土之滨莫非王臣，资源都已掌握在君王的手中，他还要争什么呢？负责论功行赏，选贤任能，为臣子封官赐爵、增加俸禄就好了嘛！老百姓也不算理解错，只是阴差阳错的把主语搞错了。很多人在读《道德经》的时候，因为一知半解把自己代入成为主体，以讹传讹之下，于是形成了属于大众的偏颇理解。不懂的人喧嚣鼓噪，懂的人却含笑不语。他为什么要纠正你？他巴不得你不说不做，不争不抢呢！我们能争取的资源就那么一点点，谦让的少拿一点，抢的人就能多拿一点。所以他含笑不语，闷声发大财。老百姓其实不能太谦逊，反而要有一些锋芒，有一些棱角。如果太过唯唯诺诺，什么也不说，什么也不做，不争不抢，不表明态度，通常会被认为是软弱可欺，无能无用。连老婆孩子都养不起的时候，还柔弱个屁，豁出去拼了！不只平民老百姓要争，博学鸿儒也要争。道家为帝王之术，所以讲退讲让；儒家是为臣之道，所以要进要争！《论语》是人臣的经世致用之学。子贡问孔子：美玉是藏在柜子里好，还是卖给识货的人好？孔子回答说：“沽之哉，沽之哉！我待贾者也。”卖掉吧！卖掉吧！我正等着识货的人呢。学成文武艺，货与帝王家。人臣若想北面拜天子，首先要经历一个学习和成长、他荐或自荐的漫长过程。儒家的经世致用有个重要前提，就是《易经》坤卦所言“乃顺承天”。坤卦卦辞曰“利牝马之贞”，母马顺从公马，就是有利的。《论语》则说：“君待臣以礼，臣事君以忠。”君王要礼贤下士，臣子要忠于君王，竭诚尽责，多做事，善做事，做善事。臣子若是和君王一样“处无为之事，行不言之教”，那不如解甲归田，独善其身，采菊东篱下去。：（）跟着姓名学国学

章节目录

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